Frictional Ignitions Potentials Map for South African Coal Mines

Aircraft and ground based measurements at Kleinkopje Colliery showed spontaneous combustion to be a significant source of fine particles, with PM2.5 concentrations 91 per cent higher inside a combustion plume than outside it. Sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon dioxide were also raised in plume, and benzene and toluene were detected. Average particle size was below one micron.