Wetlands Inventory of Upper Olifants River Catchment
Catchment wide wetland inventory spanning parts of Mpumalanga and Gauteng, artificial wetlands included, with attributes on type, function and status for environmental planners.
by Exigent Engineering Consultants | July 2007
A digital wetland map and linked database were compiled for the Upper Olifants River Catchment from existing literature, existing wetland layers and aerial photography. Wetlands cover about 2 147 km2, some 14 per cent of the 15 158 km2 catchment. The wetland layer is about 70 per cent accurate and its attributes about 60 per cent, so it suits baseline screening rather than site assessment.
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Improved Utilization of Underground Coal Reserves
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Working reference on high extraction methods, from stooping and rib pillar extraction to auger, punch, longwall and backfilling, drawn from South African colliery experience for mine planners.
What this report foundAbout 3.19 billion tons of coal now sits underground in pillars, growing by roughly 110 million tons a year under current bord and pillar practice.
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About 3.19 billion tons of coal now sits underground in pillars, growing by roughly 110 million tons a year under current bord and pillar practice. Pillars with a safety factor of about 1.8 or higher can be extracted successfully, and 1.5 is permissible in thin seams where the pillar width to height ratio exceeds 10.